The Black Hawk War, essentially an extension of the Indian resistances that occurred throughout the south and midwest in the early 1800's, was the last major armed Indian resistance in the midwest. Led by the Sauk leader Black Hawk, about 2,000 Fox and Sauk Indians invaded Illinois in defiance of an 1804 treaty in which the Illinois Territory was ceded to the United States Government and opened to settlement.

Fighting began after a Sauk emissary was murdered during peaceful negotiations. Although Black Hawk commanded his warriors to an initial victory over Illinois militia, dozens of subsequent battles over a four-month period reduced the Indian forces in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin. On July 28, 1832, Black Hawk was overtaken in a bloody battle that resulted in the deaths of 68 of his warriors. On August 2nd, the remainder of Black Hawk's forced were massacred near the Bad Axe River in southern Wisconsin. Black Hawk was soon captured and the Sauk and Fox Indians were forced to cede another six million acres of land in eastern Iowa.

Click on the text in the map to learn about each of the U.S. Government-Indian Wars.